International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

This article presents the history, contents, structures, functions, and applications of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), which is a global standard maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO). The article aims to present ICD from the knowledge organization perspective and focuses on the current versions, ICD-10 and ICD-11. It also introduces the relationship between ICD and other health knowledge organization systems (KOSs), plus efforts in research and development reported in health informat-ics. The article concludes that the high-level effort of promoting a unified classification system such as ICD is critical in providing a common language for systematic recording, reporting, analysis, interpretation, and comparison of mortality and morbidity data. It greatly enhances the constancy of coding across languages, cultures, and healthcare systems around the world.

Asymmetric dynamic risk transmission between financial stress and monetary policy uncertainty: thinking in the post-covid-19 world

Considering the dramatically increasing impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on monetary policy and the uncertainty in the financial system, we aim to examine the dynamic asymmetric risk transmission between financial stress and monetary policy uncertainty. Our sample covers 30 years of data. We first employ the conventional Granger causality test to examine the average relationship between financial stress and monetary policy uncertainty, and the results cannot provide evidence of causality between them. However, from an asymmetric perspective, we further detect the strongly apparent existence of the asymmetric structure of causality between them. Finally, we conduct further research on the asymmetric impacts from a time-varying perspective. The time-varying test finds that this relationship can be influenced by major events, especially the dot-com bubble, the 2009 financial crisis, and the current COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, one can learn more information about the influencing mechanism between financial stress and monetary policy with our work, which may be beneficial for making better decisions in the future. © 2023, The Author(s).

Ecological introspection resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic: the threat perception of the pandemic was positively related to pro-environmental behaviors

How infectious diseases shape individual minds and behaviors has been of interest to researchers. We conducted four studies to examine whether the threat perception of the COVID-19 pandemic was positively related to pro-environmentalism. Study 1 (N = 1,508) showed that individuals' threat perception of the pandemic was correlated with their pro-environmental behaviors. Study 2 (N = 241) clarified the causality by manipulating threat perception and found that individuals with high (vs. low) threat perception reported higher pro-environmental willingness. Study 3 (N = 406) revealed that awe for nature mediated this relationship. Study 4 (N = 405) replicated Study 3 more than two years after the outbreak and demonstrated the findings were robust regardless of decreases in infection fear. These findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic provides individuals with an opportunity to reconsider the way they treat nature. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Social Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccination Rates: A Time-Constrained Multiple Mediation Analysis.

Objective To estimate the multiple direct/indirect effects of social, environmental, and economic factors on COVID-19 vaccination rates (series complete) in the 3109 continental counties in the United States (U.S.). Study design  The dependent variable was the COVID-19 vaccination rates in the U.S. (April 15, 2022). Independent variables were collected from reliable secondary data sources, including the Census and CDC. Independent variables measured at two different time frames were utilized to predict vaccination rates. The number of vaccination sites in a given county was calculated using the geographic information system (GIS) packages as of April 9, 2022. The Internet Archive (Way Back Machine) was used to look up data for historical dates. Methods  A chain of temporally-constrained least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regressions was used to identify direct and indirect effects on vaccination rates. The first regression identified direct predictors of vaccination rates. Next, the direct predictors were set as response variables in subsequent regressions and regressed on variables that occurred before them. These regressions identified additional indirect predictors of vaccination. Finally, both direct and indirect variables were included in a network model. Results  Fifteen variables directly predicted vaccination rates and explained 43% of the variation in vaccination rates in April 2022. In addition, 11 variables indirectly affected vaccination rates, and their influence on vaccination was mediated by direct factors. For example, children in poverty rate mediated the effect of (a) median household income, (b) children in single-parent homes, and (c) income inequality. For another example, median household income mediated the effect of (a) the percentage of residents under the age of 18, (b) the percentage of residents who are Asian, (c) home ownership, and (d) traffic volume in the prior year. Our findings describe not only the direct but also the indirect effect of variables. Conclusions  A diverse set of demographics, social determinants, public health status, and provider characteristics predicted vaccination rates. Vaccination rates change systematically and are affected by the demographic composition and social determinants of illness within the county. One of the merits of our study is that it shows how the direct predictors of vaccination rates could be mediators of the effects of other variables.

Canadian SARS-CoV-2 serological survey using antenatal serum samples: a retrospective seroprevalence study.

BACKGROUND: Insufficient data on the rate and distribution of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Canada has presented a substantial challenge to the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our objective was to assess SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in a representative sample of pregnant people throughout Canada, across multiple time points over 2 years of the pandemic, to describe the seroprevalence and show the ability of this process to provide prevalence estimates. METHODS: This Canadian retrospective serological surveillance study used existing serological prenatal samples across 10 provinces over multiple time periods: Feb. 3-21, 2020; Aug. 24-Sept. 11, 2020; Nov. 16-Dec. 4, 2020; Nov. 15-Dec. 3, 2021; and results from the province of British Columbia during a period in which the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant was predominant, from Nov. 15, 2021, to June 11, 2022. Age and postal code administrative data allowed for comparison with concurrent polymerase chain reactivity (PCR)-positive results collected by Statistics Canada and the Canadian Surveillance of COVID-19 in Pregnancy (CANCOVID-Preg) project. RESULTS: Seropositivity in antenatal serum as early as February 2020 indicates SARS-CoV-2 transmission before the World Health Organization's declaration of the pandemic. Seroprevalence in our sample of pregnant people was 1.84 to 8.90 times higher than the recorded concurrent PCR-positive prevalence recorded among females aged 20-49 years in November-December 2020. Overall seropositivity in our sample of pregnant people was low at the end of 2020, increasing to 15% in 1 province by the end of 2021. Seroprevalence among pregnant people in BC during the Omicron period increased from 5.8% to 43% from November 2021 to June 2022. INTERPRETATION: These results indicate widespread vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 infection before vaccine availability in Canada. During the time periods sampled, public health tracking systems were under-reporting infections, and seroprevalence results during the Omicron period indicate extensive community spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Nickel-Ion Activating Discarded COVID-19 Medical Surgical Masks for Forming Carbon-Nickel Composite Nanowires and Using as a High-Performance Lithium Battery Anode

With the prevalence of COVID-19, wearing medical surgical masks has become a requisite measure to protect against the invasion of the virus. Therefore, a huge amount of discarded medical surgical masks will be produced, which will become a potential hazard to pollute the environment and endanger the health of organisms without our awareness. Herein, a green and cost-effective way for the reasonable disposal of waste masks becomes necessary. In this work, we realized the transformation from waste medical surgical masks into high-quality carbon-nickel composite nanowires, which not only benefit the protection of the environment and ecosystem but also contribute to the realization of economic value. The obtained composite carbon-based materials demonstrate 70 S m-1conductivity, 5.2 nm average pore diameters, 234 m2g-1surface areas, and proper graphitization degree. As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the prepared carbon composite materials demonstrate a specific capacity of 420 mA h g-1after 800 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g-1. It also displays good rate performance and decent cycling stability. Therefore, this study provides an approach to converting the discarded medical surgical masks into high-quality carbon nanowire anode materials to turn waste into treasure. © 2023 American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Effects of Bed Soils and Plant Growth Regulators on Root Growth of Hibiscus syriacus L

Background and objective: As the COVID-19 pandemic gripped the entire world and people found themselves spending more time at home, many households began gardening, and purchased various ornamental plants. Many cultivars of Hibiscus syriacus are grown for their showy flowers, or used as landscape shrubs. H. syriacus is generally known for its high rate of asexual reproduction. However, it is known that the effectiveness of propagation by cuttings can have big differences depending on internal and external factors. This study was conducted to determine the effects of optimal rooting bed soil composition and auxin on the rooting of H. syriacus cuttings. Methods: Cuttings used in this study were from 17 cultivars. As types of bed soil for propagation by cutting, gardening bed soil, sand, mixed soil 1, and mixed soil 2 were used, and the plant growth regulators of IBA and NAA were applied at 500, 1000, and 1500 mg⋅L-1 concentrations. Results: The rooting rate and number of roots were highest with the combination of perlite and vermiculite. On the other hand, the gardening bed soil showed an extremely low rooting percentage. The root growth was improved in most cultivars when treated by plant growth regulator. The highest rooting rate was verified at IBA 500 mg⋅L-1 treatment while the number of roots and root length showed good result in IBA 1500 mg⋅L-1 treatment. Conclusion: In many cultivars, it was observed that the rooting rate and number of roots differed depending on the bed soil. The most suitable bed soil for the cuttings was a mixture of peat moss and vermiculite, and it was possible to increase the efficiency through treatment with a growth regulator, and the efficiency of IBA was better than that of NAA. However, it is necessary to identify which detailed growth regulator treatment is suitable for the root development of each cultivar, because plant growth regulator was less effective and even problematic in some cultivars. © 2022 by the Society for People, Plants, and Environment.

Research Progress of Residual Chlorine in Wastewater Effluent: Domestic Guideline Values, Monitoring and Control Methods

In China, chlorine-containing disinfectants are widely used in wastewater treatment. As pathogenic microorganisms are inactivated, residual chlorine concentration in wastewater effluent increase, posing ecological risks. During the COVID-19 pandemic, chlorine-containing disinfectants have been widely used, increasing residual chlorine problems. This study compared the guideline values of residual chlorine in various domestic and international discharge standards, summarized and analyzed the research progress of residual chlorine monitoring and control methods, and provide some suggestions for the formulation and revision of residual chlorine limits in pollutant discharge standards. The results show that: (1) The guideline values of residual chlorine were stipulated in some domestic discharge standards. As stipulated in Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Medical Organizations, the concentration of total residual chlorine in directly discharged hospital effluent should be lower than 0.5 mg/L. The integrated wastewater discharge standards of Beijing and Shanghai stipulated that the total residual chlorine concentration of all directly discharged wastewater should be lower than 0.5 mg/L. However, there are no guideline values of residual chlorine in the disinfected effluent of the WWTP (wastewater treatment plant). (2) Standard methods for monitoring residual chlorine included N, N-diethyl-1, 4-phenylenediamine titration and spectrophotometry. In recent years, instrumental analysis methods and sensor methods have also been developed rapidly for residual chlorine monitoring. (3) The residual chlorine control methods included chemical dechlorination with sulfur dioxide and sulfite as dechlorinating agents, activated carbon and reducing metal materials. As for the enlightenment, it is suggested that China should include the residual chlorine limit in the discharge standards of WWTP in the future, and pay attention to the development of residual chlorine monitoring and control methods and the formulation of the corresponding standards. © 2022 Editorial Board, Research of Environmental Sciences. All rights reserved.

Nickel-Ion Activating Discarded COVID-19 Medical Surgical Masks for Forming Carbon-Nickel Composite Nanowires and Using as a High-Performance Lithium Battery Anode

With the prevalence of COVID-19, wearing medical surgical masks has become a requisite measure to protect against the invasion of the virus. Therefore, a huge amount of discarded medical surgical masks will be produced, which will become a potential hazard to pollute the environment and endanger the health of organisms without our awareness. Herein, a green and cost-effective way for the reasonable disposal of waste masks becomes necessary. In this work, we realized the transformation from waste medical surgical masks into high-quality carbon-nickel composite nanowires, which not only benefit the protection of the environment and ecosystem but also contribute to the realization of economic value. The obtained composite carbon-based materials demonstrate 70 S m-1 conductivity, 5.2 nm average pore diameters, 234 m2 g-1 surface areas, and proper graphitization degree. As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the prepared carbon composite materials demonstrate a specific capacity of 420 mA h g-1 after 800 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g-1. It also displays good rate performance and decent cycling stability. Therefore, this study provides an approach to converting the discarded medical surgical masks into high-quality carbon nanowire anode materials to turn waste into treasure.

IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON PRESENTATION AND TREATMENT OF PANCREATIC CANCER

Purpose During the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in spring 2020, the American College of Surgeons released triage recommendations for cancer care to assist with resource allocation during a global healthcare crisis.1 Our study investigates the relationship between pandemic restrictions and pancreatic cancer diagnosis and care at a single institution. Methods Our paper reports a retrospective single-center analysis of newly diagnosed pancreatic cancer from 2016-2020. Patient data was collected from our institutional cancer registry. Data was stratified into pre-pandemic years (2016-2019) and the pandemic year (2020) with further separation into fiscal quarters (Q1-Q4). Comparison of case numbers, staging, type of treatment and time to treatment was performed. Time-to-treatment was defined as the time from the date of initial diagnosis to date of treatment, for both any treatment overall and for each specific treatment type. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square and independent t-tests Results No changes were seen in the number of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer from 2016-2019 (mean=117.5 cases/year) versus 2020 (104 cases, p=0.475). There was no change in clinical overall staging comparing pre-pandemic (stage 1, n=81;stage 2, n=45;stage 3, n=55, stage4, n=184) to pandemic years (stage 1, n=28;stage 2;n=10;stage 3, n=11;stage 4, n=43;p=0.145). There were 220 patients treated by surgery, 306 by chemotherapy, 67 by radiation and 3 by immunotherapy. There were 46 patients (18.78%) who received chemotherapy during Q3 in the pre-pandemic years compared to 19 patients (31.14%) in Q3 of 2020 (p<0.001, Table 1). No difference was seen between pre-pandemic and pandemic years for both neoadjuvant (p=0.347) or adjuvant chemotherapy (p=0.217). There was no difference between pre-pandemic versus pandemic years for the other treatment modalities, including neoadjuvant or adjuvant radiation. The average time-to-first-treatment in pre-pandemic years was 36.71 days compared to 41.46 days in 2020 (p=0.31). Conclusion The number of patients receiving chemotherapy treatment increased immediately after the peak pandemic months without any change in neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment. No change was seen in case numbers, disease stage, time-to-treatment overall and all specific modalities during peak of the pandemic. This lack of change shows the diligence of both healthcare workers and the patients involved in treating pancreatic cancer. References 1. Kato H, Asano Y, Arakawa S, et al. Surgery for pancreatic tumors in the midst of COVID-19 pandemic. World J Clin Cases. 2021;9(18):4460-4466. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v9.i18.4460 (Table Presented)

Cyberbullying Detection with Side Information: A Real-World Application of COVID-19 News Comment in Chinese Language

Cyberbullying is an aggressive and intentional behavior committed by groups or individuals, and its main manifestation is to make offensive or hurtful comments on social media. The existing researches on cyberbullying detection underuse natural language processing technology, and is only limited to extracting the features of comment content. Meanwhile, the existing datasets for cyberbullying detection are non-standard, unbalanced, and the data content of datasets is relatively outdated. In this paper, we propose a novel Hybrid deep Model based on Multi-feature Fusion (HMMF), which can model the content of news comments and the side information related to net users and comments simultaneously, to improve the performance of cyberbullying detection. In addition, we present the JRTT: a new, publicly available benchmark dataset for cyberbullying detection. All the data are collected from social media platforms which contains Chinese comments on COVID-19 news. To evaluate the effectiveness of HMMF, we conduct extensive experiments on JRTT dataset with five existing pre-trained language models. Experimental results and analyses show that HMMF achieves state-of-the-art performances on cyberbullying detection. To facilitate research in this direction, we release the dataset and the project code at https://github.com/xingjian215/HMMF. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

[Evaluation of efficiency of different anti-cysticercus antibody test kits for serodiagnosis of cysticercosis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of four anti-cysticercus IgG, IgG4 or IgM antibody test kits (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) by different manufacturers, so as to provide insights into the epidemiological investigation and clinical detection of cysticercosis. METHODS: Forty serum samples from cerebral cysticercosis patients, 100 serum samples from healthy volunteers, 30 serum samples from paragonimiasis skrjabini patients, 17 serum samples from cystic echinococcosis and 19 serum samples from subcutaneous or cerebral sparganosis patients were collected and detected using anti-cysticercus IgG, IgG4 or IgM antibody test kits (brand A) and the anti-cysticercus IgG antibody test kit (brand B). The sensitivity, specificity and false negative rate of the four kits for detection of cysticercosis were estimated. RESULTS: The anti-cysticercus IgG, IgG4 or IgM antibody test kits (brand A) showed 95.00% (38/40), 87.50% (35/40), 7.50% (3/40) sensitivities and 98.00% (98/100), 100.00% (100/100) and 100.00% (100/100) for detection of cysticercosis, while the anti-cysticercus IgG antibody test kit (brand B) presented a 75.00% (30/40) sensitivity and 100.00% (100/100) specificity for detection of cysticercosis. The sensitivity for detection of cysticercosis was significantly higher by the anti-cysticercus IgG antibody test kit (brand A) than by the anti-cysticercus IgG antibody test kit (brand B) (χ2 = 6.28, P < 0.05); however, no significant difference was seen in the specificity by two kits (χ2 = 2.01, P > 0.05). The four ELISA kits showed overall false positive rates of 37.88% (25/66), 22.73% (15/66), 62.12% (41/66) and 15.15% (10/66) for detection of paragonimiasis, echinococcosis and sparganosis (χ2 = 37.61, P < 0.05), and the anti-cysticercus IgG antibody test kit (brand A) presented the highest overall false positive rate for detection of paragonimiasis, echinococcosis and sparganosis (χ2 = 7.56, P' < 0.008), while a higher overall false positive rate was seen for detection of paragonimiasis, echinococcosis and sparganosis by the anti-cysticercus IgG antibody test kit (brand A) than by the anti-cysticercus IgG antibody test kit (brand B) (χ2 = 8.75, P' < 0.008). The four ELISA kits showed false positive rates of 40.00% (12/30), 16.67% (5/30), 76.67% (23/30) and 13.33% (4/30) for detection of paragonimiasis (χ2 = 32.88, P < 0.05) and 21.05% (4/19), 26.32% (5/19), 73.68% (14/19) and 15.79% (3/19) for detection of sparganosis (χ2 = 19.97, P < 0.05), and the highest false positive rates were found by the anti-cysticercus IgM antibody test kit (brand A) for detection of paragonimiasis and sparganosis (all P' < 0.008). However, the four ELISA kits showed comparable false positive rates of 52.94% (9/17), 29.41% (5/17), 23.53% (4/17) and 17.65% (3/17) for detection of echinococcosis (χ2 = 8.24, P > 0.05). In addition, the anti-cysticercus IgM anti-body test kit (brand A) showed false positive rates of 76.67% (23/30), 23.53% (4/17) and 73.68% (14/19) for detection of paragonimiasis, echinococcosis and sparganosis (χ2 = 14.537, P < 0.05), with the lowest false positive rate seen for detection of echinococcosis (χ2 = 14.537, P' < 0.014), while no significant differences were seen in the false positive rate for detection of paragonimiasis, echinococcosis and sparganosis by other three ELISA kits (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The four anti-cysticercus IgG, IgG4 or IgM antibody test kits exhibit various efficiencies for serodiagnosis of cysticercosis. The anti-cysticercus IgG antibody test kit (brand A) has a high sensitivity for serodiagnosis of cysticercosis; however, it still needs to solve the problems of cross-reaction with other parasitic diseases and stability.

Chinese economic development: Theories, practices and trends

The book provides a meticulous analysis of economic development and concomitant problems in China since the late 1970s and advances suggestions on further economic modernisation and transition from both theoretical and practical angles. Based on theories from development economics and solid empirical studies, the authors, two renowned Chinese economists, provide a perceptive analysis of the Chinese development model in the post-Mao era. They shed light on questions that have perplexed many: How can China sustain the rapid growth of the past 40 years? Is there a unique "China path" to economic progress? They argue compellingly that China's development model has to switch from a manufacturing-driven one to a brand-new approach, centring on scientific and technical innovation and the integration of its existing economic structure into an increasingly complex global economy. Such transformation will help overcome the "middle-income trap" while addressing other institutional and economic challenges. The book will appeal to students, scholars and policymakers interested in the Chinese and global economies, as well as transnational studies in the post-COVID-19 world. General readers willing to obtain a grasp of Chinese economic development from the insider's perspective will also find it useful. © 2021 Yinxing Hong and Ninghua Sun. All rights reserved.

Long commuting time and depressive symptoms among South Korean workers

COVID-19 has changed the way we live and made the future come faster. Although changes such as work from home are changing how we commute, studies on the association between commuting time and mental health are lacking. We used the Korean Working Condition Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. A total of 23,415 waged workers in 20-59 years of age were selected. It was investigated that the association between commuting time and depressive symptoms which were measured by the World Health Organisation- Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5). Compared with the shortest commuting time (< 30 min), those who spent 60 min or longer commuting had a significantly higher odd ratio (OR) for depressive symptoms (1.16;95% CI: 1.04, 1.29). Among males, workers aged 40–49, in the lowest income quartile, unmarried, not having children, having white-collar jobs, working standard hours groups, and without shiftwork showed a significant association between long commuting time and increased depressive symptoms. Among females, workers aged 20–29, in the lowest income quartile, having 2 or more children, and shiftwork showed higher ORs for the association between long commuting time and depressive symptoms. In our study, long commuting time was associated with increased depressive symptoms measured by the WHO-5 well-being index. In the future, it is not expected that changes in commuting will equally and simultaneously be applied to workers with various socio-economical statuses. Our study implies that an approach to mental health according to the characteristics is necessary.

Conspiracy Theories about Infectious Diseases: An Introduction

Understanding why people believe conspiracy theories related to disease outbreaks and the consequences of such beliefs is critical for combating both the COVID-19 pandemic and its corresponding "infodemic." In the introduction to this special issue on conspiracy theories about infectious diseases, the authors first provide a brief overview of the narratives of conspiracy theories related to COVID-19, followed by a review of extant theoretical frameworks regarding the psychology of conspiracy beliefs. Specifically, they discuss how epistemic, existential, and social needs contribute to the holding of conspiracy beliefs. Then, the authors summarize the major findings from the nine empirical articles featured in this issue, particularly how they shed light on the antecedents and consequences of disease-related conspiracy beliefs. They conclude by discussing future directions for the study of disease-related conspiracy beliefs.

Plasma bioscience and medicines

The nonthermal atmospheric biocompatible plasma, also called cold plasma, is the fourth state of matter, is a partially ionized gas consisting cocktail of gas’s molecules, free radicals, ions, electrons, and physical components such as photons, electric field and some heat. It has been successfully used in the biomedical, agricultural food safety, environment applications including industrial application for the processing of materials and etc. for not mentioned here. The recent discovery of its efficacy in sterilization of microorganisms has trigged a large quantity of research in the biomedical field. Here we review configurations and electrode layouts of typical plasma device for applications to biomedical such as cancer treatment and virus inactivation technology. Cocktail of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) would be efficient and effective to several biomedical applications such as inactivation of drug-resistant bacteria, cancer treatment, inactivation of viruses, skin and dental applications. This detailed review provides an outline of typical plasma sources, their physical and chemical (RONS) characteristics based on their diagnostic methods, including cancer treatment strategies and inactivation of viruses. This review also emphasizing on strategises to control and inactivation of SARS-COV2 (COVID19) and rejuvenate lung cells. Plasma bioscience and medicine technologies will deliver a new model of therapeutic clinical systems along with sustainable application to environmental issues. © 2021, Korean Vacuum Society. All rights reserved.

COVID-19-related conspiracy theories in China: The role of secure versus defensive in-group positivity and responsibility attributions

Many COVID-19 conspiracy theories implicate China and its agents, whether implicitly or explicitly, as conspirators with potentially malicious intent behind the current pandemic. We set out to explore whether Chinese people believe in pandemic-related conspiracy theories, and if so, how do their secure (in-group identification) and defensive (collective narcissism) in-group positivity predict their conspiracy beliefs. We hypothesized that national identification would negatively predict the tendency to attribute responsibility to an in-group, thus predicting less risk-rejection conspiracy theory beliefs (e.g., COVID-19 is a hoax). In contrast, national collective narcissism would positively predict the tendency to attribute responsibility for the pandemic to an out-group, which in turn would validate conspiracy theories that acknowledge the risk of the pandemic (e.g., COVID-19 is a bioweapon). To test these predictions, we collected data in China (n = 1,200) in April 2020. Supporting our predictions, national identification was negatively associated with risk-rejection conspiracy beliefs via in-group attribution, whereas national collective narcissism was positively associated with risk-acceptance conspiracy beliefs via out-group attribution. © The Author(s) 2021.

Research on the Development of Online Education in the Age of AI and 5G

Online education is a new educational pattern relying on netwok, Which adds flexibility and availability, regards of time, place, or pace of learning. Best of all, with online education, we can stick to our jobs and at the same time study and absorb the latest knowledge. AI, big data and 5G are the scinetific technology which lead the online education industry to decelop into a richer ecosystem and make Online education promote its advantages. In the second half of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic in China has been under control, and China's online education will face both opportunities and challenges. This paper mainly adopts the method of questionnaire survey analysis, SPSS 20.0 statistical software and PLS to analyze the influencing factors of China's online education in the post-epidemic era. Finding that the education level, income level, education level and the purpose of the education have positive effect on online education, the education cost of online education has the reverse effect, the lower the price of online education, the larger the quantity of online education that will be demanded. At the same time, this paper finds that when students spend more time in online classes and the fewer exams they pass, the more students spend on online education platforms. According to the results, some countermeasures and suggestions are put forward. © 2021 IEEE.